YOUNG, Brigham,
president of the Mormon church, born in Whitingham, Vermont, 1 June, 1801; died
in Salt Lake City, 29 August, 1877. His father, John, a farmer, served in the
Revolutionary war. In 1804 Brigham went with his parents to Sherburne, New York,
where, until he was sixteen, he received only eleven days' schooling. He then
engaged in business and was a carpenter, joiner, painter, and glazier in Mendon,
New York
In 1830 he first saw the "Book of Mormon," and a year later
he was converted by Samuel H. Smith, the prophet's brother. On 14 April, 1832,
he was baptized and began to preach in the vicinity of Mendon. In the autumn of
1832 he went to Kirtland, Ohio, where he became the close friend of Joseph
Smith. He was ordained an elder, and in the winter of 1832-'3 was engaged in
Canada, preaching, baptizing, and organizing missions. His advancement in the
church was rapid, and on 14 February, 1835, he was chosen one of the twelve
apostles, becoming their president a year later. Meanwhile much of his time was
spent in Kirtland, where he was occupied in working on the Temple and in
studying Hebrew, also in travelling, preaching, and making converts.
During 1836-'7 an effort was made to depose the prophet
Joseph and appoint David Whitmer president of the church. A council was held for
this purpose, at which Young made an earnest plea for Smith, and the meeting
terminated unpleasantly. On 22 December, 1837, Brigham Young left Kirtland. He
purchased land in Far West, Missouri, in 1838, and settled there; but, in
pursuance of the order of Governor Lilburn W. Boggs, he and his family left
their home and much of their personal property on 14 February, 1839, and
returned to Quincy, Illinois
Later he was one of the twelve that founded Nauvoo, and in
September of that year set out on a mission to England. His experience there is
given in his own words:" We landed in the spring of 1840 as strangers in a
strange land and penniless, but through the mercy of God we have printed ...
5,000 ‘Books of Mormon,’ 3,000 hymn-books, 2,500 volumes of the 'Millennial
Star,' and 50,000 tracts .... emigrated to Zion 1,000 souls, yet we have lacked
nothing to eat, drink, or wear."
The death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith in Carthage jail was
announced to him by letter while he was on a mission in Peterborough, New
Hampshire, and he returned to Nauvoo on 6 August. Sidney Rigdon was then
claiming leadership in the church, but two days later Young was chosen successor
to Smith.
In the autumn the people of Hancock and adjacent counties
clamored for the removal of the Mormons from the state. In reply to such a
demand, Young said, on 1 October, 1845, that it was the intention of from 5,000
to 6,000 persons to leave Nauvoo early in 1846 to seek a home in the wilderness.
Subsequently the charter of Nauvoo was revoked, and the Mormons suffered
house-burnings, plundering, whippings, murders, and the fury of mob violence. In
pursuance of his promise, many of the Mormons crossed Mississippi river early in
February, 1846, and on the 15th of that month President Young and his family set
out. On 1 March, while there were still several inches of snow on the ground,
the exodus began with about 400 wagons in line. Brigham Young was chosen
president in "Camp of Israel " on 27 March, and captains of hundreds, of
fifties, and of tens were appointed to conduct the march.
By command of Colonel Stephen W. Kearny, a call was made on
President Young, on 26 June, 1846, to furnish 500 men for one year's service
during the Mexican war. "You shall have your battalion at once," he replied, and
the quota of what was known as "the Mormon battalion" was filled within three
days.
On their arrival near what is now Florence, Nebraska, on 21
July, the Omaha and Pottawattamie Indians received them kindly, and urged the
fugitives to establish a camp in their midst. President Young accepted this
offer, after obtaining the consent of President Polk, and made his
winter-quarters there. They laid the settlement out in streets and blocks, on
which comfortable log-houses were built and a grist-mill was erected.
On 7 April, 1847, Young, with 142 men, set out in search of
a suitable place for a settlement. They entered Salt Lake valley on 24 July,
1847, and, after a survey had been made of the locality and the first house
erected, Young returned to winter-quarters on 31 October, 1847, and on 5
December was elected president by the "twelve apostles," with Heber C. Kimball
and Willard Richards as counsellors.
On 26 May, 1848, he set out again, accompanied by his
family and 2,000 followers, for Salt Lake City, and arrived there on 20
September A provisional government being requisite until congress should
otherwise provide, he was elected on 12 March, 1849, governor of "Deseret,"
which is understood by the Mormons to signify "the land of the honeybee."
The territory of Utah was established on 9 September, 1850,
and on 3 February, 1851, Young took the oath of office as its governor,
commander-in-chief of the militia, and superintendent of Indian affairs, to
which places he had been appointed by President Fillmore. Under his
administration extensive tracts of land were brought under cultivation and large
numbers of converts were brought from Europe.
On 29 August, 1852, the doctrine of polygamy was first
announced as a tenet of the Mormon church by Brigham Young. He claimed that a
revelation commanding it had been made to Joseph Smith: but the widow and four
sons of Smith denied ever having seen or heard of any such revelation. Polygamy
is strictly forbidden in the "Book of Mormon," the "Doctrine and Covenants," and
all Mormon publications that were issued before Smith's death, and many left the
church on this question. Subsequently they formed an independent organization
under the leadership of one of the sons of Smith. To sustain the new
dogma, papers and periodicals were established in various parts of the world.
Meanwhile the Federal judges were forced by threats of
violence to leave Utah, and the laws of the United States were defied and
subverted as early as 1850. Colonel Edward Steptoe was sent in 1854 to Utah as
governor, with a battalion of soldiers; but he did not deem it, prudent to
assume the office, and, after wintering in Salt Lake City, he formally resigned
his post and went with his command to California.
Most of the civil officers that were commissioned about the
same time with Colonel Steptoe arrived in Utah a few months after he had
departed, and were harassed and terrified like their predecessors.
In February, 1856, a mob of armed Mormons, instigated by
sermons from the heads of the church, broke into the court-room of the United
States district judge and compelled him to adjourn his court. Soon afterward all
the United States officers, with the exception of the Indian agent, were forced
to flee from the territory. These and other outrages determined President
Buchanan to supersede Brigham Young in the office of governor, and to send to
Utah a military force to protect the Federal officers. (See CUMMING, ALFRED, and
JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY.) The affair terminated with the acceptance of a pardon
by the Mormons, who on their part promised to submit to the Federal authority.
Throughout his life Young encouraged agriculture and
manufactures, the opening of roads and the construction of bridges and public
edifices, and pursued a conciliatory policy with the Indians. He successfully
completed a contract to grade more than 100 miles of the Union Pacific railroad,
was the prime mover in the construction of the Utah Central railroad, aided in
building the Utah Northern and Utah Western narrow-gauge roads, introduced and
fostered co-operation in all branches of business, and extended telegraph-wires
to most of the towns of Utah.
Young took to himself a large number of wives, most of whom
resided in a building that was known as the "Lion house," from a huge lion
carved in stone that stands upon the portico. In 1871 he was indicted for
polygamy but not convicted. At the time of his death he left seventeen wives,
sixteen sons, and twenty-eight daughters, and had been the father of fifty-six
children.
Besides his office of president of the church, Young was
grand archer of the order of Danites, a secret organization within the church,
which was one of the chief sources of his absolute power, and whose members, it
is claimed, committed many murders and other outrages by his orders. By
organizing and directing the trade and industry of the community, he accumulated
great wealth. His funeral was celebrated with impressive ceremonies, in which
more than 30,000 persons participated.
See" The Mormons," by Charles Mackay (London, 1851); "The
Mormons, or Latter-Day Saints, in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake," by
Lieutenant John W. Gunnison (Philadelphia, 1852); " Utah and the Mormons," by
Benjamin G. Ferris (New York, 1856); "Mormonism; its Leaders and Designs," by
John Hyde, Jr., formerly a Mormon elder (New York, 1857);" "New America," by
William Hepworth Dixon (London, 1867);" "The Rocky Mountain Saints," by Thomas
B. H. Stenhouse (New York, 1873); "History of Salt Lake City" (Salt Lake City,
1887); and "Early Days of Mormonism," by James Harrison Kennedy (New York,
1888).
As head of the Mormon Church and
architect of the Mormon colony in Utah, Brigham Young was almost sole author of
one of the most important chapters in the history of the American West.
Born in 1801 into a poor Vermont farming family, Brigham Young was the ninth
of eleven children. When he was three, his family moved to upstate New York, and
at age sixteen, Young left home to start a career as an itinerant carpenter,
painter, farmer and general handyman. He married his first wife in 1824, and in
1829 the couple moved to Mendon, New York, some forty miles from Manchester,
where Joseph Smith was in the final stages of preparing the Book of Mormon for
publication.
Although he had converted to Methodism in 1823, Young was drawn toward
Smith's newly formed Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from his first
encounter with the Book of Mormon in 1830. Two years later, he was baptized into
the Mormon church, and the same year went to Canada as a missionary. In 1833, a
recent widower, he led several friends and much of his family to join Joseph
Smith and the gathering of Zion in Kirtland, Ohio.
The rest of Young's life was spent in
service to the Mormon Church. He went to Missouri in 1834 when hostile gentiles
(non-Mormons) threatened the Mormon community there, traveled the eastern states
as a missionary, and staunchly supported Joseph Smith when the Kirtland
settlement foundered in 1837. The next year he followed Smith to Missouri, and
when anti-Mormon mobs drove the community out, helped organize the move to
Nauvoo, Illinois. Young carried the Mormon message to England in 1840-41,
gaining many converts among the urban working class. By 1841, his devotion had
so impressed Joseph Smith that he was made the President of the Quorum of Twelve
Apostles, the governing body of the church, second in authority only to Smith
himself.
When Joseph Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in 1844, Brigham Young
was on the East Coast gathering converts and raising money for the construction
of an enormous temple in Nauvoo. On his return, Young played a critical role in
keeping the savagely persecuted church together by organizing the exodus that
would take the Mormons westward, first to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846,
and finally on to Utah's Salt lake Valley, where Young and an advance party
arrived on July 24, 1847. Here Young hoped the Mormons would at last find the
freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in 1847 his leadership
was confirmed when he was named president and prophet of the church, inheriting
the authority of Joseph Smith.
Young met the challenge of making a new
life in Utah by expanding the role and responsibilities of his church. Through
the church he directed political decision-making, economic development, cultural
affairs, law enforcement and education. To strengthen the church and its
authority within Utah, Young constantly encouraged emigration, offering to
finance wagon trains and, for a time, furnishing converts with handcarts so they
could make the 1,400 mile trek on foot. Young also sought to broaden the scope
of church authority by establishing Mormon colonies throughout Utah and in the
neighboring Arizona, Nevada and Idaho territories. Finally, he worked to
insulate the church by making its people economically self-sufficient. He
encouraged the local manufacture of goods that might otherwise be imported from
the east, and he discouraged enterprises, like mining, that might require or
invite outside investors.
Within just a few years, Young achieved outstanding success. In 1851, Utah
was organized as a territory, and Young appointed its governor and superintendent
of Indian Affairs. But as it had in the past, Mormon success raised suspicions
and provoked opposition from those outside the faith. Federal officials began to
fear that Utah would become a theocracy in which church and state were
indistinguishable. And with the announcement in 1852 that plural marriage, or
polygamy, was a basic tenet of the church, there began a public outcry that
accused Mormons of immorality and of thinking they could live outside the laws
of the land. By 1857, these complaints had become so persistent that President
James Buchanan, eager to find some way to distract attention from the issue of
slavery, finally sent an army into Utah to suppress what the Mormon's critics
considered a full-scale rebellion against federal authority.
Buchanan's so-called "Mormon
War," however, would be a war in name only, because Brigham Young chose to
fight the government by cutting off its troops' supply lines rather than engage
them in battle. The conflict did, however, give rise to an incident which still
haunts Young's reputation, the September 1857 Mountain Meadows Massacre,
in which a party of 120 emigrants, suspected of hostility toward the church, was
murdered in southeastern Utah by Paiute Indians and a band of Mormons led by
John D. Lee, who claimed to be acting on orders from Young himself.
Despite this atrocity, by 1858 Brigham Young had reached a reconciliation with
the federal government, which issued a pardon for alleged Mormon offenses and
for a time at least allowed the Saints to practice their religion and build
their community without interference.
Over the next decade, Young saw his people flourish. The Mormons' missionary
activities continued to be enormously fruitful, and Utah's economy and
population bloomed. In 1869, the completion of the transcontinental railroad at
Promontory Point, Utah, posed a challenge to this prosperity by bringing a
fresh influx of non-Mormons into the territory, but Young met the challenge by
consolidating the Mormons' political and economic power. He created a network of
church-financed cooperative stores that effectively shut out competition from
non-Mormon merchants, and he encouraged industrial cooperatives that aimed to
shut out non-Mormon investors. At the same time he secured passage of women's
suffrage in Utah, thereby increasing the number of Mormon voters and diluting
the political influence of non-Mormons whom the railroad brought into his
domain.
By the decade's end, however, federal
officials were resuming their efforts to separate church and state in Utah, and
the public was resuming its outcry against the Mormon practice of plural
marriage. In 1871, Brigham Young was himself tried under an 1862 law that
prohibited polygamy in United States territories, but though he had by this time
married more than twenty wives, he was not convicted. Federal officials also
sought to prove Young's complicity in the Mountain Meadows Massacre twenty years
after the fact by bringing John D. Lee to trial in 1877 , but Lee refused to
implicate the Mormon leader. Young responded to this fresh attack by federal
prosecutors by tacitly influencing Lee's Mormon jury to vote his acquittal, but
when public outrage over this outcome forced a second trial, Young saw he would
have to sacrifice Lee for the good of the church and accepted the verdict that
finally condemned Lee to death.
Brigham Young died shortly after the Lee trial, on August 29, 1877. For more
than a decade after his death, the Mormons would find themselves under
relentless attack by a federal government determined to strip away the economic
and political powers Young had established for their church, and determined to
eradicate the practice of plural marriage, a practice Young had hoped to
safeguard by maintaining a sanctuary of isolation between his church and the
outside world. Nonetheless, even after the government succeeded in its aims, the
Mormon Church and the Mormon community remained a living testimony to the vision
and spirit of Brigham Young. -- Text Courtesy of
1996THE
WEST FILM PROJECT and PBS
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Young - Prophet, Statesman, Pioneer
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of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Unidentified Author (1968). ...
THE TEACHINGS OF
BRIGHAM YOUNG
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... OF THE UNITED STATES. Your petitioners would respectfully represent: that
Whereas
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A Stan Klos Company
YOUNG, Brigham,
president of the Mormon church, born in Whitingham, Vermont, 1 June, 1801; died
in Salt Lake City, 29 August, 1877. His father, John, a farmer, served in the
Revolutionary war. In 1804 Brigham went with his parents to Sherburne, New York,
where, until he was sixteen, he received only eleven days' schooling. He then
engaged in business and was a carpenter, joiner, painter, and glazier in Mendon,
New York
In 1830 he first saw the "Book of Mormon," and a year later
he was converted by Samuel H. Smith, the prophet's brother. On 14 April, 1832,
he was baptized and began to preach in the vicinity of Mendon. In the autumn of
1832 he went to Kirtland, Ohio, where he became the close friend of Joseph
Smith. He was ordained an elder, and in the winter of 1832-'3 was engaged in
Canada, preaching, baptizing, and organizing missions. His advancement in the
church was rapid, and on 14 February, 1835, he was chosen one of the twelve
apostles, becoming their president a year later. Meanwhile much of his time was
spent in Kirtland, where he was occupied in working on the Temple and in
studying Hebrew, also in travelling, preaching, and making converts.
During 1836-'7 an effort was made to depose the prophet
Joseph and appoint David Whitmer president of the church. A council was held for
this purpose, at which Young made an earnest plea for Smith, and the meeting
terminated unpleasantly. On 22 December, 1837, Brigham Young left Kirtland. He
purchased land in Far West, Missouri, in 1838, and settled there; but, in
pursuance of the order of Governor Lilburn W. Boggs, he and his family left
their home and much of their personal property on 14 February, 1839, and
returned to Quincy, Illinois
Later he was one of the twelve that founded Nauvoo, and in
September of that year set out on a mission to England. His experience there is
given in his own words:" We landed in the spring of 1840 as strangers in a
strange land and penniless, but through the mercy of God we have printed ...
5,000 ‘Books of Mormon,’ 3,000 hymn-books, 2,500 volumes of the 'Millennial
Star,' and 50,000 tracts .... emigrated to Zion 1,000 souls, yet we have lacked
nothing to eat, drink, or wear."
The death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith in Carthage jail was
announced to him by letter while he was on a mission in Peterborough, New
Hampshire, and he returned to Nauvoo on 6 August. Sidney Rigdon was then
claiming leadership in the church, but two days later Young was chosen successor
to Smith.
In the autumn the people of Hancock and adjacent counties
clamored for the removal of the Mormons from the state. In reply to such a
demand, Young said, on 1 October, 1845, that it was the intention of from 5,000
to 6,000 persons to leave Nauvoo early in 1846 to seek a home in the wilderness.
Subsequently the charter of Nauvoo was revoked, and the Mormons suffered
house-burnings, plundering, whippings, murders, and the fury of mob violence. In
pursuance of his promise, many of the Mormons crossed Mississippi river early in
February, 1846, and on the 15th of that month President Young and his family set
out. On 1 March, while there were still several inches of snow on the ground,
the exodus began with about 400 wagons in line. Brigham Young was chosen
president in "Camp of Israel " on 27 March, and captains of hundreds, of
fifties, and of tens were appointed to conduct the march.
By command of Colonel Stephen W. Kearny, a call was made on
President Young, on 26 June, 1846, to furnish 500 men for one year's service
during the Mexican war. "You shall have your battalion at once," he replied, and
the quota of what was known as "the Mormon battalion" was filled within three
days.
On their arrival near what is now Florence, Nebraska, on 21
July, the Omaha and Pottawattamie Indians received them kindly, and urged the
fugitives to establish a camp in their midst. President Young accepted this
offer, after obtaining the consent of President Polk, and made his
winter-quarters there. They laid the settlement out in streets and blocks, on
which comfortable log-houses were built and a grist-mill was erected.
On 7 April, 1847, Young, with 142 men, set out in search of
a suitable place for a settlement. They entered Salt Lake valley on 24 July,
1847, and, after a survey had been made of the locality and the first house
erected, Young returned to winter-quarters on 31 October, 1847, and on 5
December was elected president by the "twelve apostles," with Heber C. Kimball
and Willard Richards as counsellors.
On 26 May, 1848, he set out again, accompanied by his
family and 2,000 followers, for Salt Lake City, and arrived there on 20
September A provisional government being requisite until congress should
otherwise provide, he was elected on 12 March, 1849, governor of "Deseret,"
which is understood by the Mormons to signify "the land of the honeybee."
The territory of Utah was established on 9 September, 1850,
and on 3 February, 1851, Young took the oath of office as its governor,
commander-in-chief of the militia, and superintendent of Indian affairs, to
which places he had been appointed by President Fillmore. Under his
administration extensive tracts of land were brought under cultivation and large
numbers of converts were brought from Europe.
On 29 August, 1852, the doctrine of polygamy was first
announced as a tenet of the Mormon church by Brigham Young. He claimed that a
revelation commanding it had been made to Joseph Smith: but the widow and four
sons of Smith denied ever having seen or heard of any such revelation. Polygamy
is strictly forbidden in the "Book of Mormon," the "Doctrine and Covenants," and
all Mormon publications that were issued before Smith's death, and many left the
church on this question. Subsequently they formed an independent organization
under the leadership of one of the sons of Smith. To sustain the new
dogma, papers and periodicals were established in various parts of the world.
Meanwhile the Federal judges were forced by threats of
violence to leave Utah, and the laws of the United States were defied and
subverted as early as 1850. Colonel Edward Steptoe was sent in 1854 to Utah as
governor, with a battalion of soldiers; but he did not deem it, prudent to
assume the office, and, after wintering in Salt Lake City, he formally resigned
his post and went with his command to California.
Most of the civil officers that were commissioned about the
same time with Colonel Steptoe arrived in Utah a few months after he had
departed, and were harassed and terrified like their predecessors.
In February, 1856, a mob of armed Mormons, instigated by
sermons from the heads of the church, broke into the court-room of the United
States district judge and compelled him to adjourn his court. Soon afterward all
the United States officers, with the exception of the Indian agent, were forced
to flee from the territory. These and other outrages determined President
Buchanan to supersede Brigham Young in the office of governor, and to send to
Utah a military force to protect the Federal officers. (See CUMMING, ALFRED, and
JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY.) The affair terminated with the acceptance of a pardon
by the Mormons, who on their part promised to submit to the Federal authority.
Throughout his life Young encouraged agriculture and
manufactures, the opening of roads and the construction of bridges and public
edifices, and pursued a conciliatory policy with the Indians. He successfully
completed a contract to grade more than 100 miles of the Union Pacific railroad,
was the prime mover in the construction of the Utah Central railroad, aided in
building the Utah Northern and Utah Western narrow-gauge roads, introduced and
fostered co-operation in all branches of business, and extended telegraph-wires
to most of the towns of Utah.
Young took to himself a large number of wives, most of whom
resided in a building that was known as the "Lion house," from a huge lion
carved in stone that stands upon the portico. In 1871 he was indicted for
polygamy but not convicted. At the time of his death he left seventeen wives,
sixteen sons, and twenty-eight daughters, and had been the father of fifty-six
children.
Besides his office of president of the church, Young was
grand archer of the order of Danites, a secret organization within the church,
which was one of the chief sources of his absolute power, and whose members, it
is claimed, committed many murders and other outrages by his orders. By
organizing and directing the trade and industry of the community, he accumulated
great wealth. His funeral was celebrated with impressive ceremonies, in which
more than 30,000 persons participated.
See" The Mormons," by Charles Mackay (London, 1851); "The
Mormons, or Latter-Day Saints, in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake," by
Lieutenant John W. Gunnison (Philadelphia, 1852); " Utah and the Mormons," by
Benjamin G. Ferris (New York, 1856); "Mormonism; its Leaders and Designs," by
John Hyde, Jr., formerly a Mormon elder (New York, 1857);" "New America," by
William Hepworth Dixon (London, 1867);" "The Rocky Mountain Saints," by Thomas
B. H. Stenhouse (New York, 1873); "History of Salt Lake City" (Salt Lake City,
1887); and "Early Days of Mormonism," by James Harrison Kennedy (New York,
1888).
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