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Stephen Toulmin

Born: March 25, 1922

A mathematician who later  received  Doctor of Philosophy  from Cambridge, he has spent most his life teaching at universities in the United States. His most important  rhetorical work is his book entitled The Uses of Argument. In this book he lays out a six element structural model by which rhetorical arguments can be analyzed..

Claim: The claim of the argument is the conclusion that someone is trying to justify in the argument.  

Grounds: The grounds of an argument are the facts on which the argument is based.

Warrant: The warrant of the argument assesses whether or not the claim is legitimate based on the grounds.

Backing: The backing of the argument gives additional support for a warrant by answering different questions.

Modal Qualifier:  The modal qualifier indicates the strength of the leap from the data to the warrant.
 

Rebuttal:  The rebuttal occurs when the leap from grounds to claim does not appear to be legitimate..

 

 

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